Codex Collection (page 13)

CODEX EMILIANENSE, c1000. Manuscript illumination with kings and a queen from Codex Emilianense, Spain, c1000

MEXICO: AZTEC DAILY LIFE. A scene of Aztec life. Illumination from the Codex Florentino, c1540, compiled by Bernardino de Sahagun (1499-1590)

HAGIA SOPHIA, 1200s. Men of Constantinople praying in Hagia Sophia. Byzantine manuscript illumination from the Skylitzes Codex, 13th century

SPANISH CONQUEST, 1519. Hernando Cortes ships arriving in harbor in Veracruz, Mexico. Illumination from the Codex Florentino, c1540, compiled by Bernardino de Sahagun (1499-1590)

CORTEZ AT VERACRUZ, 1519. Hernando Cortes receiving tribute in his boat at the time of his arrival in Veracruz in 1519. Illumination from the Codex Florentino, c1540

CORTES AT VERACRUZ, 1519. Hernando Cortes at Veracruz, Mexico, at the beginning of the Spanish conquest, 1519. Drawing from a Mexican codex

ARAB WARFARE, 1038. Arabs trying to take the town of Edessa, in present day Turkey, by trickery. Byzantine manuscript illumination from the Sklylitzes Codex, 13th-14th century

ARABS IN SICILY, 1039. Arab encampment around the town of Messina, Sicily, 1039. Byzantine manuscript illumination from the Skylitzes Codex, 13th-14th century

SPAIN: MEDIEVAL REGENTS. Seven rulers of Visigothic Hispania and Castile: Chindasuinth (c563-653); Recceswinth (649-672); Egica (c610-c703); Queen Urraca (1082-1129); Sancho III (c985-1035)

AZTEC RIVER GOD. Depiction of rebirth throught the river of life. Aztec drawing from the Codex Telleriano-Remensis, c1540

MEXICO: INDIAN WARFARE. An Aztec killing another Mexican Indian. Drawing from the Codex Telleriano-Remensis, c1540

MEXICO: SPANISH CONQUEST. Spanish soldier on horseback, with other Spanish figures and Aztec symbols. Drawing from the Codex Telleriano-Remensis, c1540

MEXICO: AZTECS HUNTING. Aztecs hunting with bow and arrow. Drawing from the Codex Telleriano-Remensis, c1540

MEXICO: SPANISH AND AZTECS. Aztecs fighting Spanish soldiers. Drawing from the Codex Telleriano-Remensis, c1540

MEXICO: SPANISH CONQUEST. Spanish cruelty toward the Aztecs during the conquest of Mexico. Drawing from the Codex Telleriano-Remensis, c1540

AZTEC RELIGIOUS CEREMONY. Aztec religious ceremony on water. Drawing from the Codex Florentino, c1540, a treatise compiled by Bernardino de Sahagun (1499-1590)

MEXICO: SPANISH BATTLESHIP. A Spanish ship in a battle against the Aztecs. Below them are a group of Aztecs in canoes. Drawing from the Codex Florentino, c1540

AZTEC STONE MASONS. Aztec stone masons at work. Drawing from the Codex Florentino, c1540, a treatise compiled by Bernardino de Sahagun (1499-1590) on the Aztecs and the Spanish conquest of Mexico

MEXICO: SPANISH CONQUEST. Spanish conquistadors unloading their ships in Mexico. Drawing from the Codex Florentino, c1540

MEXICO: SPANISH CONQUEST. Battle scene between the Spanish and the Aztecs. Drawing from the Codex Florentino, c1540, a treatise compiled by Bernardino de Sahagun (1499-1590)

MEXICO: AZTEC DRAWING. Scenes from an Aztec codex fragment, 16th century

SPAIN: ROYAL LINEAGE. General genealogy of the House of Hapsburg, showing the lineage of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. Codex, 16th century, by Juan Tirols

MEXICO: MIXTEC MANUSCRIPT. War scene from the Codex Zouche-Nuttall, c1450, a Mixtec manuscript chronicling the rulers, alliances and conquests of 11th and 12th century Mixtec society

MIXTEC RULER: EIGHT DEER. Eight Deer Jaguar Claw (right), a powerful Mixtec ruler of the 11th century. Detail from the Codex Zouche-Nuttal, c1450

ALFONSO II (1157-1196). King of Aragon. Alfonso II accepts the codex Libro de Feudos from its author, Raimundo de Caldes. Manuscript illumination, 12th century

AZTEC ARTIST, c1540. Mexican Indian artists were taught to paint in the European style by Spanish missionaries. Drawing from the Codex Florentino, c1540, compiled by Bernardino de Sahagun (1499-1590)

MEXICO: SPANISH CONQUEST. An Aztec defending an island against a Spanish conquistador (left), while above a Spanish priest baptizes an infant. Drawing from the Codex Telleriano-Remensis, c1540

MEXICO: SPANISH CONQUEST. An Aztec warrior and a Spanish conquistador fight as a temple burns. Drawing from an original codex fragment, c1550-60

AZTEC: BURNING A TEMPLE. The burning of a temple, indicating the end of a 52-year cycle. Page from a copy of the Codex Telleriano-Remensis, 1389-1399

MIXTEC WARRIORS. Three canoe-borne warriors (Eight Deer at center) cross a lake to attack an island. Sea monsters swim in the water below them. Detail from the Codex Zouche-Nutall, c1450

MIXTEC RULER: EIGHT DEER. Eight Deer Jaguar Claw (left), a powerful Mixtec ruler of the 11th century, skinning an animal. Detail from the Codex Zuache-Nuttall, c1450

MEXICO: AZTEC CEREMONY. Aztec sun-raising ceremony, from the Codex Borgia, c1450

AZTECS: RECREATION, c1540. An entertainer sings and beats a drum with a head of ocelot skin (top). Below him is a youth playing ball. Page from the Codex Mendoza, Aztec, c1540

MEXICO: MIXTECS. Codex drawing of the Mixtec culture of southern Mexico, c14th or 15th century

AZTECS: DRINKING, c1540. Aztec elders were allowed to get drunk. The woman in the bottom drawing is moving toward a pot of pulque, a liquor made from the maguey cactus

MEXICO: AZTEC HOME. A traditional Aztec home. Drawing from the Florentine Codex, probably 16th century

PERU: INCAN NOBLEMAN. An Incan nobleman receives a report from one of his officials, who holds a quipu used for counting and recording important facts and events

TUPAC YUPANQUI (d. 1493). Tenth Inca ruler of Peru
TUPAC YUPANQUI (d.1493). Tenth Inca ruler of Peru. Pen and ink drawing from El primer nueva cronica y buen gobierno ( The First New Chronicle and Good Government ), 1583-1615

FOUNDING OF TENOCHTITLAN. Legendary founding of Tenochtitlan by Aztecs. Aztec miniature from Codex Aubin, 1576

MEXICO: AZTEC SACRIFICE. Human sacrifice, after an Aztec Codex

TENOCHTITLAN (MEXICO CITY) with Aztec pictographs and Spanish text from the Codex Mendoza, c1542

CANTERBURY CODEX AUREUS fol. 16, Purple page with inlaid crosses. Anglo-Saxon manuscript, c750 AD

AZTEC WARRIOR PRIEST and prisoner from Codex Mendoza, c1525-1550

AZTEC CODEX MENDOZA, 1540. Aztec warriors armed with bows and arrows provoking war. Page from the Codex Mendoza, c1540

AZTEC PRIESTS. Four priests leading Aztecs to the land promised by the god Huitzilopochtli, whose image is carried by the first priest

ROSSANO GOSPELS. Page from the Byzantine Rossano Gospels, the oldest known illuminated manuscript of the New Testament, 6th century

MONTEZUMA II: DEATH, 1520. Spaniards carry the bodies of Aztec emperor Montezuma II and a local lord to the water before burial, June 1520

MONTEZUMA II (1480-1520). Aztec emperor. Montezuma put in irons. Illumination from the Codex Florentino, c1540, compiled by Bernardino de Sahagun (1499-1590)

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Codex, a term steeped in historical significance and cultural richness, encompasses a wide array of ancient manuscripts that offer glimpses into the past. From the Codex Troano, an enigmatic Mayan document believed to contain astronomical knowledge, to the Aztec Codex Borbonicus meticulously penned by an Aztec priest, these codices hold secrets waiting to be unraveled. Intriguingly, Ramon Llull's Breviculum Codex captivates with its miniature illustrations and is hailed as a testament to his intellectual prowess during the 13th century. Meanwhile, the mesmerizing Codex Borgia unveils Mesoamerican rituals and divinatory practices that were integral to their civilization. The Dresden Codex stands as one of four surviving Maya codices and offers invaluable insights into their advanced understanding of astronomy. On another note, the Codex Sinaiticus Syriacus dating back to the 5th century holds religious significance within the Monastery of St Catherine on Mount Sinai. Delving further into history reveals fascinating depictions such as those found in Folio of Usages showcasing Catalan parliamentary proceedings or Basil II's Bulgar-slayer moniker immortalized in Byzantine records. The bustling Market in Gate of Ravenna depicted in Bologna highlights street traders' vibrant livelihoods through time. Legal enthusiasts find solace in Corpus Iuris Civilis while art aficionados marvel at Falconer's work showcased in the illustrious Codex Capodilista from 1442. And finally, we encounter Trocortesian or Madrid Codex from XIV century which enthralls with intricate details that transport us back centuries ago. These diverse codices serve as portals connecting us with our ancestors' wisdom and heritage. They remind us that behind each page lies untold stories waiting for curious minds willing to decipher their hidden messages.