Hydrogen Collection (page 9)

Gas diffusion experiment, 19th century
Gas diffusion experiment. Hydrogen gas is produced from a chemical reaction at left. Since hydrogen is a small and light gas molecule

Space spectra, historical diagram
Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787-1826), a German physicist and optical instrument maker, is best known for his investigation of dark lines in the Suns spectrum. Now known as Fraunhofer lines

Earth and nebulae. Computer artwork of the Earth with a nebula behind it. A nebula is a large cloud of gas and dust in space. They are often many light years across

Binary star system, artwork

Sun-like star, artwork

Woelferts airship, 19th century
Woelferts airship, 19th-century photograph. This hydrogen-filled dirigible, designed by the German aviation pioneer Friedrich Hermann Woelfert (1850-1897), was named the Deutschland

Eta Carinae Nebula (NGC 3372), optical image. This nebula (a vast cloud of dust and gas) surrounds the variable star Eta Carinae

Swan and Eagle nebulae, optical image. These are both emisison nebulae, clouds of gas and dust glowing red as the hydrogen gas is ionised by radiation from hot young stars within them

Great Orion Nebula. Optical image of the emission nebulae M42 (right, large) and M43 (centre left, smaller) in the constellation Orion, together making up what is known as the Great Orion Nebula

Priestleys apparatus for gas experiments
Priestleys apparatus. Engraving showing apparatus used by Joseph Priestley in his experiments on air. The types of air used are fixed air (carbon dioxide)

Helix Nebula (NGC 7293), optical image. This is a planetary nebula, a series of shells of gas cast off by a dying star. The ejection of the stars outer layers exposes its hot core

Lagoon Nebula (M8), optical image. This nebula is an active region of star birth. It glows red as radiation from hot, newly formed stars ionises the surrounding hydrogen gas and causes it to glow

Propanoic acid molecule
Propanoic acid, molecular model. Propanoic acid, also called propionic acid, is a carboxylic acid. It is used as a preservative and in the production of plastics, pesticides and pharmaceuticals

Pelargonic acid molecule
Pelargonic acid, molecular model. Pelargonic acid, also called nonanoic acid, is a carboxylic acid. It is found naturally in a number of plants including Pelargoniums

Formic acid molecule
Formic acid, molecular model. Formic acid, also called methanoic acid, is the simplest of the carboxylic acids. It is found naturally in the venom of ant and bee stings

Capric acid molecule
Capric acid, molecular model. Capric acid, also called decanoic acid, is a carboxylic acid. It is found naturally in the milk of a number of mammals

Caprylic acid molecule
Caprylic acid, molecular model. Caprylic acid, also called octanoic acid, is a carboxylic acid. It is found naturally in the milk of a number of mammals

Butyric acid molecule
Butyric acid, molecular model. Butyric acid, also called butanoic acid, is a carboxylic acid. It has an unpleasant smell and acrid taste

Deuterium, atomic model
Deuterium. Atomic model of deuterium, also known as heavy hydrogen, an isotope of hydrogen. Isotopes are forms of an element that contain different numbers of neutrons in the atomic nucleus (centre)

Valeric acid molecule
Valeric acid, molecular model. Valeric acid, also called pentanoic acid, is a carboxylic acid. It has a very unpleasant odour

Caproic acid molecule
Caproic acid, molecular model. Caproic acid, also called hexanoic acid, is a carboxylic acid. It has an odour reminiscent of barnyard animals

Aquaporins, artwork
Aquaporins. Computer artwork of water molecules (red and white) passing through pores (yellow) in a cell membrane (blue). These pores are proteins known as aquaporins that are embedded in

Chlorophyll, molecular model
Chlorophyll molecule. Computer model of the photoreceptor molecule chlorophyll a (C55.H72.Mg.N4.O5) found in green plants

Water, conceptual image. Computer artwork of a splash of water with a water (H2O) molecule (spheres) within it

Aspirin, molecular structure diagram
Aspirin. Diagram showing the molecular structure (left) and the chemical structure (right) of the painkilling drug aspirin (acetylsalycilic acid)

Helium atom, artwork
Hydrogen atom. Computer artwork representing the structure of a single hydrogen atom. Hydrogen (H2) is a diatomic (two-atom) molecule

Fraunhofer lines, diagram
Fraunhofer lines. Diagram of the Suns spectrum, showing a set of dark absorption lines known as Fraunhofer lines. These are named after the German physicist Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787-1826)

Electrolysis of water. Close-up of the top of a Hoffman Voltameter used to decompose molecules of water. A power supply (not seen)

Melamine and kidneys, artwork
Melamine and kidneys, computer artwork. Melamine is an organic base with a high nitrogen content. Melamine and formaldehyde are the main components of the plastic known as melamine resin

William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle
William Nicholson (1753-1815) English physicist and inventor and Anthony Carlisle (1768-1840), English surgeon. In 1800 Nicholson made the first Voltaic Pile constructed in England which he

Hydrogen-powered bus. This bus is powered by a fuel cell that runs on hydrogen gas. Inside the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell, hydrogen is combined with air, without combustion

Molecular model of ice
Ice. Molecular model of ice, the solid form of water. Each water molecule is made up of one oxygen atom (red ball) bonded to two hydrogen atoms (white balls)

Rubber and gutta-percha molecular models
Molecular models of rubber and gutta-percha. These molecules are isomers. They have the same chemical fourmula but a different molecular structure

Red 2G food colouring molecule. Molecular model of Red 2G, an organic compound used as a food colouring. Red 2G, also known as E128

Quinoline Yellow food colouring molecule. Molecular model of Quinoline Yellow, an organic compound used as colouring in foods such as scotch eggs, smoked haddock and cough sweets

2-methylpropyl propanoate molecule
2-methylpropyl propanoate. Molecular model of 2-methylpropyl propanoate, or isobutyl propionate, an ester compound that smells like rum

Melamine, molecular model. Computer artwork of a molecule of melamine (C3N6H6), an organic base with a high nitrogen content

Tartrazine food colouring molecule. Molecular model of Tartrazine, an organic compound used as a food colouring. Tartrazine, also known as E102, is a yellow dye derived from coal tar

Oxalic acid molecule
Oxalic acid. Molecular model of oxalic acid, a dicarboxylic acid, which is one of the strongest organic acids because of the joining of two carboxyl groups (COOH) at centre (grey)

Sunset Yellow food colouring molecule. Molecular model of Sunset Yellow, an organic compound used as colouring in foods such as chocolate, caramel and soft drinks

Ponceau Red food colouring molecule. Molecular model of Ponceau Red, an organic compound used as a food colouring. Ponceau Red, also known as Ponceau 4R and E124, is very commonly used in the UK

1, 3-dichlorobenzene molecule
1, 3-dichlorobenzene. Molecular model of 1, 3-dichlorobenzene, an isomer of dichlorobenzene with two chlorine atoms replacing two of the hydrogen atoms on a benzene ring

Allura Red AC food colouring molecule. Molecular model of Allura Red AC, an organic compound used as a colouring in foods such as soft drinks and sweets

Soman nerve agent molecule. Molecular model of Soman, also known as GD, a nerve agent used in chemical warfare. It acts as a neurotoxin by inhibiting cholinesterase enzymes needed for maintaining

Muon and neutrino detector, artwork
Neutrino particle detector. Computer artwork of neutrinos (red lines) passing through the Earth and being detected by the Antarctic muon and neutrino detector array (AMANDA, bottom)

Ethyl acetate molecule. Chemist holding a molecular ball-and-stick model of the ester ethyl acetate (CH3.CO2.C2H5). This non-polar, volatile, colourless

Sodium reacting with water

VX nerve agent molecule. Molecular model of VX, a nerve agent used in chemical warfare. VX blocks the action of an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase

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"Unveiling the Cosmic Powerhouse: Hydrogen's Mysteries Unraveled" In the vast expanse of space, amidst celestial wonders like the Orion Nebula (M42) and the Crab Nebula, hydrogen takes center stage as a captivating element. Its significance is revealed in a composite image showcasing its role in shaping these stellar marvels. As we explore further, we encounter the breathtaking Eagle Nebula, where hydrogen fuels star formation with its immense energy. A diagram illustrating spectral class and luminosity of stars showcases how hydrogen plays a pivotal role in determining their characteristics. From H-He-Hg emission spectra C017/7260 to Soviet poster art from 1958 by Albert Aslyan boldly proclaiming "No. " to nuclear weapons' destructive power, hydrogen's influence extends beyond cosmic realms. Returning our gaze to Orion Nebula (M42 and M43), we witness hydrogen's brilliance illuminating this interstellar cloud with vibrant hues. However, not all encounters with this versatile element are peaceful; it reminds us of humanity's past actions through images of nuclear tests like the 1957 fallout or American atomic bomb tests at Bikini Atoll in 1946. It also finds its place on Earth – from Sulphur Well at Llanwrtyd Wells in Wales to an oil refinery's residfiner – highlighting its importance for various industrial processes. It symbolizes both progress and caution as we harness its potential while being mindful of environmental consequences. As we delve deeper into understanding this elemental powerhouse, one thing becomes clear: Hydrogen holds secrets that continue to captivate scientists and stargazers alike. Whether it be unraveling mysteries within nebulae or unlocking innovative solutions for sustainable energy sources on Earth, hydrogen remains an enigmatic force that sparks curiosity and awe across galaxies far and near.