Spectrum Collection

Light refraction
Refraction. Computer artwork of white light being refracted as it passes through an equilateral triangular prism. Light changes direction, or is refracted

Mass spectrometer, 1954
Mass spectrometer. Researchers adjusting the controls of a mass spectrometer. This is an all-metal demountable mass spectrometer

Rainbow Falls, near Hilo, Hawaii, USA. Date: 1935

Diagram showing the spectral class and luminosity of stars. The diagram was named The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram, or the H-R diagram for short

Paint Chart / 1908
PAINT CHART

Sir Isaac Newton, English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, theologian and occultist

Colour wheel, by Robert Arthur Wilson. The artist gave a BBC radio broadcast in May 1920 on Colour: its meaning and use, logic, mystery, symbolism and power. 1919

Leaf cutter ants (Atta sp) carrying colourful plant matter, reflected in water, Laguna del Lagarto, Santa Rita, Costa Rica

H-He-Hg emission spectra C017 / 7260
H-He-Hg emission spectra. Graphical representation of the emission spectra lines for the elements hydrogen (H), helium (He) and mercury (Hg)

James Clerk Maxwell, caricature
James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879). Caricature of the Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell. Maxwells works cover a wide area of science

Double rainbow over a lake surrounded by trees

Spectroscope (c. 1860) by Bunsen and Kirchhoff, published in 1880
Spectroscope by Robert Bunsen (German chemist, 1811 - 1899) and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (German physicist, 1824 - 1884). A spectroscope is an optical device

England, Northumberland, The Pennine Way. A rainbow above the Schil on the England / Scottish Border

Mandelbrot fractal F008 / 4436
Mandelbrot fractal. Computer graphic showing a fractal image derived from the Mandelbrot Set. Fractals geometry is used to derive complex shapes as often occur in nature

Oak tree in mist
Oak tree (Quercus sp.) in mist. Photographed near the River Taw in Dartmoor, UK

Sir Isaac Newton, English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, theologian and occultist

Mandelbrot fractal F008 / 4429
Mandelbrot fractal. Computer graphic showing a fractal image derived from the Mandelbrot Set. Fractals geometry is used to derive complex shapes as often occur in nature

Diamond, computer artwork
Cut and polished diamond, computer artwork. Diamond is a naturally occurring form of carbon that has crystallised under great pressure

Rainbow over Happisburgh Light House, Norfolk, UK. October, 2021

Sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) tail fluke above water as it dives below a rainbow, Dominica, Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Vulnerable species. Digital composite

Mandelbrot fractal F008 / 4427
Mandelbrot fractal. Computer graphic showing a fractal image derived from the Mandelbrot Set. Fractals geometry is used to derive complex shapes as often occur in nature

Double rainbow at Combestone Tor, early morning light, Dartmoor National Park, Devon, UK. November 2013

Rainbow at Iguazu Falls, Brazil / Argentina border. Photographed from Argentina. August 2017

Illustration of Isaac Newtons prism experiment, showing white sunlight split by a prism into the co

The universe is a place of intense color and beauty

Artists concept of an astronaut falling towards a black hole in outer space. Gamma Rays erupt from the poles as a nearby nebula is pulled in

Colour vision: spectrum of light and human eye
Colour vision. Computer image depicting human colour vision, in which a spectrum of coloured light is seen in front of an eye

Rainbow over sand dunes. This arching spectrum of colours is seen when sunlight from behind the observer is reflected and refracted by rain in front

Soap bubbles merging

Reform / Authorities / 1831
Four Weighty Authorities on Reform Attitudes to the reform issue from the political spectrum. Date: 1831

Double rainbow over a town amid trees

Interference pattern of oil on water
Interference pattern of colours caused by light reflected off a thin film of oil floating on water. The effect seen here is a result of decomposing organic matter leaving behind oily residues in a

Dusky parrot, Pionus fuscus. (Lesser dusky parrot, Psittacus sordidus or P. spectrum)
FLO4640051 Dusky parrot, Pionus fuscus. (Lesser dusky parrot, Psittacus sordidus or P. spectrum). Illustration copied from George Edwards

Projecting a beam of sunlight (white light), 1872
3480084 Projecting a beam of sunlight (white light), 1872; (add.info.: Projecting a beam of sunlight (white light) passing through a hole in the blind of a darkened room through a triangular prism

An engraving depicting the projecting of a beam of sunlight (white light) passing through a prism
5311301 An engraving depicting the projecting of a beam of sunlight (white light) passing through a prism and breaking it down into it's separate colours

Sir Norman Lockyer
5309992 Sir Norman Lockyer; (add.info.: Engraving depicting Sir Norman Lockyer observing the solar spectrum through multiple-prism spectroscope fitted to a refracting telescope)

Kirchhoff; Hofmann map of the solar spectrum, 1872
3480110 Kirchhoff; Hofmann map of the solar spectrum, 1872; (add.info.: Kirchhoff; Hofmann map of the solar spectrum, 1872.); Universal History Archive/UIG.

Passing a ray of sunlight through a prism, 1878
3480085 Passing a ray of sunlight through a prism, 1878; (add.info.: Passing a ray of sunlight (white light) through a prism and breaking it down into its separate colours

Illustration by Rene Descartes, showing how a spectrum is formed. From Epistolae; Amsterdam 1668
5311505 Illustration by Rene Descartes, showing how a spectrum is formed. From Epistolae; Amsterdam 1668; Universal History Archive/UIG.

Solar spectrum being demonstrated to young boys, 1887
3480083 Solar spectrum being demonstrated to young boys, 1887; (add.info.: Solar spectrum being demonstrated to young boys in a darkened room by means of a Heliostat and a prism)

An engraving depicting the projecting of a beam of sunlight (white light) passing through a prism
5311288 An engraving depicting the projecting of a beam of sunlight (white light) passing through a prism and breaking it down into it's separate colours

An engraving depicting a demonstration of how white light is broken down into the spectrum
5311269 An engraving depicting a demonstration of how white light is broken down into the spectrum and can be reconstructed into white light

Engraving depicting the solar spectrum being demonstrated to young boys in a darkened room by means of a heliostat
5309431 Engraving depicting the solar spectrum being demonstrated to young boys in a darkened room by means of a heliostat and a prism

Solar Spectrum and Spectrum of the Prominences, during a total Eclipse
5312049 Solar Spectrum and Spectrum of the Prominences, during a total Eclipse; (add.info.: Solar Spectrum and Spectrum of the Prominences)

An engraving depicting Isaac Newton's experiment showing how a prism refracted a beam of light
5310949 An engraving depicting Isaac Newton's experiment showing how a prism refracted a beam of light and broken down into the colours of the spectrum (right)

Map of spectrum of sun and various elements, 1895
3480107 Map of spectrum of sun and various elements, 1895; (add.info.: Map of spectrum of sun and various elements; based on Bunsen and Kirchhoff)

Isaac Newton (1642-1727) English scientist and mathematician, using a prism to break white light into spectrum
533535 Isaac Newton (1642-1727) English scientist and mathematician, using a prism to break white light into spectrum. With Cambridge room mate John Wickins

Eye Art Wallart
Rafal Kulik

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"Spectrum: Unveiling the Colors of Science, Art, and Nature" Step into a world where science meets art and nature reveals its true colors. The concept has fascinated humanity for centuries, unraveling secrets that span from the depths of space to the intricate patterns found in fractals. Let us embark on a captivating journey through time and knowledge. In 1954, the mass spectrometer emerged as a groundbreaking invention, enabling scientists to analyze matter with unprecedented precision. Its arrival marked a turning point in scientific research, unlocking new realms of understanding. Meanwhile, back in 1908, an ingenious paint chart was introduced - an innovative tool that revolutionized color selection for artists worldwide. This humble creation empowered painters to explore endless possibilities on their canvases. Speaking of colors, Robert Arthur Wilson's color wheel became an iconic symbol in artistic circles. With its harmonious arrangement of hues and shades, it provided guidance for countless creators seeking aesthetic perfection. But let us not forget about the stars above; they too have their own spectral tales to tell. Diagrams showcasing stellar classes and luminosity remind us how Sir Isaac Newton's pioneering work paved the way for our comprehension of light's behavior. Delving deeper into this realm is H-He-Hg emission spectra C017/7260 – a mesmerizing sight that captures elements emitting distinct wavelengths when energized. It serves as a testament to mankind's ability to decipher nature's language through scientific instruments. James Clerk Maxwell enters our narrative next – his caricature representing his significant contributions to electromagnetic theory. His profound insights laid the foundation for comprehending light as part of a larger electromagnetic spectrum. The spectroscope by Bunsen and Kirchhoff takes center stage next; dating back to around 1860 but published later in 1880 – it allowed scientists unparalleled glimpses into unseen worlds by analyzing light emitted or absorbed by various substances. Venturing beyond traditional boundaries brings us to the captivating Mandelbrot fractals.