Popular Science Collection (page 5)

Number code, 19th century
Number code. System of semaphore-like symbols used as a code for numbers. A combination of 36 left and right arm and leg positions can be used to encode the numbers from 1 to 9999

Pasteurising machine, 19th century
Pasteurising machine. This machine is designed to heat liquids to a high temperature and then cool it. This method of food preservation slows microbial growth and is known as pasteurisation

Invisible writing, 19th century
Invisible writing. Etching of invisible writing being carried out using sodium hypochlorite (then known as Javelle water or Javel water), an alkaline disinfectant more commonly known as bleach

Photographic dark room, 19th century
Photographic dark room. This room is used to process photographic negatives, so it must be kept dark. A variety of chemicals are used to process the photographic plate and fix the image

Firefighters, 19th century
Firefighters using breathing apparatuses while fighting a fire in a cellar. An early type of firefighting suit and breathing apparatus was invented in 1834 by a Parisian firefighter Colonel Paulin

Time zones wheel, 19th century
Time zones wheel. This device is designed to show the exact variation in time between different cities on the Earth. The cities are marked on the inner rim

Dynamo types, 19th century
Dynamo types. Dynamos are devices that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy by rotating magnets and coiled wires

Safety lamp, 19th century
Safety lamp. The gauze and design being used here is based on the work done on safety lamps by the British chemist and inventor Humphry Davy. The Davy lamp was first developed in 1815

Glaciplane, 19th century
Glaciplane. This mode of transport for moving groups of skaters across ice was invented in Vienna. Both the framework and the men pushing it are mounted on skates

Acoustic smoke rings, 19th century
Acoustic smoke rings. The device at lower right, seen mounted on a metal bar and a tuning fork, is designed to blow acoustic smoke rings

Preparation of ozone, 19th century
Preparation of ozone. Artwork from the tenth volume (second period of 1892) of the French popular science weekly La Science Illustree

Koch and tuberculosis, 19th century
Koch and tuberculosis research. The German bacteriologist Robert Koch (1843-1910) is considered one of the founders of modern medical bacteriology

Refrigerated milk cart, 19th century
Refrigerated milk cart. This design, from the USA, used ice to keep the air temperature cool for the transport of milk. Holes in the compartments allowed air to circulate from where the ice

Henri Milne-Edwards, French zoologist
Henri Milne-Edwards (1800-1885), French zoologist. Artwork from the ninth volume (first period of 1892) of the French popular science weekly La Science Illustree

Maritime night signalling, 19th century
Maritime night signalling. Balloon and lights being used by ships engaging in night-time signalling at Heligoland. This archipelago in the North Sea near Germany was held by the British until it was

Leonids meteor shower of 1799, in the constellation of Leo, near the star Regulus (lower left). Leonid meteor showers occur annually for about 2 days around mid-November when the Earth crosses

Gas diffusion experiment, 19th century
Gas diffusion experiment. Hydrogen gas is produced from a chemical reaction at left. Since hydrogen is a small and light gas molecule

Ducretet apparatus, 19th century
Ducretet apparatus. This device was invented by the French instrument maker Eugene Ducretet (1844-1915). The design includes Ruhmkorff coils (solenoids)

Leonids meteor shower, 19th century
Leonids meteor shower. The Earth is shown crossing the path of the debris that forms the Leonid meteor shower. This occurs annually for about 2 days around mid-November when the Earth crosses

Kinegraphe camera, 19th century
Kinegraphe camera. Photographer operating a Kinegraphe, an early French camera, the design of which first appeared in the late 1880s

Botanical sundial, 19th century
Botanical sundial. This sundial was located in one of the parks or horticultural gardens in Chicago, USA, which included several such sundials

Pasteur in his study, 19th century
Pasteur in his study. French microbiologist and chemist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) found that fermentation is caused by micro-organisms, and also proposed the germ theory of disease

Serrin lamp, 19th century
Serrin lamp. Invented in the 1850s, this was the first lamp design produced by the French engineer Victor Serrin (1829-1905)

Ship heating room, 19th century
Ship heating room. Stokers shovelling coal into the boilers of a ship heating room. Artwork from the tenth volume (second period of 1892) of the French popular science weekly La Science Illustree

Electric body lights, 19th century
Electric body lights. These lights are carried on the body and are designed to be powered from an overhead cable. This design was by the French scientist and photographer Etienne-Jules Marey

Monkeybread tree, 19th century
Monkeybread tree (Adansonia digitata). Also known as the baobab tree, the genus name for this plant comes from the French botanist Michel Adanson (1727-1806), who described this species

Steam fireboats, 19th century
Steam fireboats, attending a fire on the River Thames, in London, UK. By 1900 there were some 40 of these fireboats operating

Richard Francis Burton, British explorer
Richard Francis Burton (1821-1890), British explorer. Expelled from Oxford University, Burton served in the army in India for seven years from 1842 where he learnt several Eastern languages

Tuberculosis transfusion, 19th century
Tuberculosis goat blood transfusion. This procedure was carried out by the French doctor Samuel Bernheim (1855-1915) and involved transfusing 150 to 200 grams of blood from the goat to the female

Loudspeaker apparatus, 19th century
Loudspeaker apparatus, as constructed in the laboratory of the French physicist Henri Becquerel (1852-1908). This apparatus includes a Ruhmkorff coil (induction coil)

Gaulard transformer, 19th century
Gaulard transformer. Transformers change the voltage of an electric power supply, enabling it to be used in different devices (such as the bulb at top)

Coin production, 19th century
Coin production. Quality control worker at a minting factory verifying the coins produced. Artwork from the tenth volume (second period of 1892)

Daimler automobile, 19th century
Daimler automobile. Daimler is a German car manufacturer founded in 1890 and making cars under the brand Mercedes. This early automobile has an internal combustion engine at the front

Bourdin camera, 19th century
Bourdin camera. Woman using a viewfinder while operating an early French camera (Bourdin model). Several early camera designs were produced by the French photographer

Cholera epidemic, 19th century
Cholera epidemic. Drinking water supplies being distributed during a cholera epidemic in Hamburg, Germany. Such epidemics were spread by infected water supplies

Silver plating, 19th century
Silver plating. This chemical reaction involves metal substitution to produce this tree shape plated in silver. Artwork from the tenth volume (second period of 1892)

Tilt compass, 19th century
Tilt compass. This apparatus includes an azimuth circle (lower centre), a compass needle and magnifying glasses (centre), a screw to adjust the needle (centre right)

Wild cattle herd, 19th century
Wild cattle herd. This herd is grazing in the grounds of Chillingham Castle, England. Artwork from the tenth volume (second period of 1892) of the French popular science weekly La Science Illustree

Capillary repulsion, 19th century
Capillary repulsion demonstration. The ball at top centre is balancing on the meniscus of a water column produced by surface tension and capillary action

Artificial rain experiment, 19th century

Nicephore Niepce, French inventor
Nicephore Niepce (1765-1833), one of the French inventors of photography. Niepce developed a process he called heliography in the 1820s

Electroscope experiment, 19th century
Electroscope experiment. This simple version of an electroscope, designed to detect electric charge, is described as a glass flask with a stopper containing a metal rod

Magic lantern display, 19th century
Magic lantern display, showing the 7 June 1891 eruption of the volcano Vesuvius in the Bay of Naples, Italy. The magic lantern was the ancestor of the modern slide projector

Cyrus Field, US financier
Cyrus West Field (1819-1892), US financier. Field was one of the founders of the Atlantic Telegraph Company that laid the first telegraph cable across the Atlantic Ocean in 1858

Charles Friedel, French chemist
Charles Friedel (1832-1899), French chemist. Artwork from the ninth volume (first period of 1892) of the French popular science weekly La Science Illustree

Jacques Inaudi, Italian calculator
Jacques Inaudi (1867-1950), Italian calculator. Inaudi was a child prodigy, able to perform feats of mental arithmetic from a young age

Maskelyne typewriter, 19th century
Maskelyne typewriter. This typewriter was designed by the British stage magician John Nevil Maskelyne (1839-1917) and his son Nevil Maskelyne (1863-1924)

Pascals Principle demonstration, 1889
Demonstration of Pascals Principle. This principle stated that pressure exerted on a liquid or gas is transmitted equally to all parts of that liquid or gas

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"Unveiling the Wonders of Popular Science: A Journey through Time and Discoveries" Step into the fascinating world as we explore a diverse range of captivating subjects that have shaped our understanding of the world. From cycling to spinal surgery, from bonsai trees to radio waves, this journey will take you back in time to witness remarkable advancements and breakthroughs. In the 19th century, cyclists harnessed their leg muscles for efficient pedaling while exploring new horizons. Meanwhile, Cornish tin mines delved deep into the Earth's crust, fueling industrial progress with precious minerals. The era also witnessed Calots spinal surgery revolutionizing medical practices and providing hope for those suffering from debilitating conditions. Venturing further back in history, Galileo's observations of Jovian moons in 1610 opened up a whole new realm beyond our planet Earth. His pioneering work paved the way for future space explorations and expanded our knowledge about celestial bodies. The 19th century was an age of innovation; Marconi's invention of radio brought people closer together across vast distances like never before. Simultaneously, fire sprinklers emerged as lifesaving devices protecting buildings from devastating fires. Amidst these scientific marvels, beekeeping flourished as an essential practice contributing to agriculture and honey production. And let us not forget Fridtjof Nansen - a Norwegian explorer who fearlessly ventured into uncharted territories, leaving behind his mark on polar exploration. As we delve deeper into popular science history, Stephen Gould emerges as a prominent figure in paleontology—an advocate for evolutionary theory who challenged traditional beliefs with groundbreaking discoveries. Join us on this enthralling expedition through time where each chapter unravels another piece of humanity's quest for knowledge and advancement. Popular science has been instrumental in shaping our present by building upon past achievements—inspiring generations to push boundaries and embrace curiosity along the way.