Chlorine Collection

British soldiers being gassed at Ypres. WWI
How the gas devil comes - Thick green mist came rolling towards the parapet On the 22nd April 1915 at Ypres, the Germans used poisonous chlorine gas for the first time

La bete puante (The Stinking Beast) (colour litho)
981805 La bete puante (The Stinking Beast) (colour litho) by Lanos, Henri (1859-1929); Private Collection; (add.info.: La bete puante (The Stinking Beast)

Henry Deacon (b / w photo)
3649861 Henry Deacon (b/w photo) by English Photographer, (19th century); Private Collection; (add.info.: Henry Deacon. Illustration for A History of the Chemical Industry in Widnes by D W F Hardie)

Claude Louis Berthollet (engraving)
815842 Claude Louis Berthollet (engraving) by American School, (19th century); Private Collection; (add.info.: Claude Louis Berthollet)

James Hargreaves (b / w photo)
3649846 James Hargreaves (b/w photo) by English Photographer, (19th century); Private Collection; (add.info.: James Hargreaves)

Experiment showing affinity between arsenic and chlorine (engraving)
3655118 Experiment showing affinity between arsenic and chlorine (engraving) by English School, (19th century); Private Collection; (add.info)

Generation of chlorine (engraving)
3655128 Generation of chlorine (engraving) by English School, (19th century); Private Collection; (add.info.: Generation of chlorine)

Ferdinand Hurter (b / w photo)
3649849 Ferdinand Hurter (b/w photo) by English Photographer, (19th century); Private Collection; (add.info.: Ferdinand Hurter)

James Hyatt Inhaling Chlorine Gas, 1850-55. Creator: Peter Welling
James Hyatt Inhaling Chlorine Gas, 1850-55

Preparation of chlorine water, wood engraving, published in 1880
Preparation of chlorine water: Chlorine gas is fed into a filled halfway with water bottle until the water is saturated with chlorine, and continues to flow into the next bottle

A Chlorine Gas Attack, Second Battle of Ypres, Belgium, 1915, (1926). Artist: Lucien Jonas
A Chlorine Gas Attack, Second Battle of Ypres, Belgium, 1915, (1926). On 22 April 1915 the Germans released 168 tons of chlorine gas over a four mile front, in the first gas attack of the war

French Zouave infantry killed by gas, Second Battle of Ypres, Belgium, 22 April 1915, (1929)
French Zouave infantry killed by gas, Second Battle of Ypres, Belgium, 22 April 1915. On 22 April 1915 the Germans released 168 tons of chlorine gas over a four mile front

The Germans use chlorine gas, Ypres, 22nd April 1915, (1919). Artist: Andre Helle
The Germans use chlorine gas, Ypres, 22nd April 1915, (1919). A book of the principal events of the war period. A print from Le livre des heures heroiques et douloureuses

Poison gas attack, Hulluch, France, aerial photograph, WW1
Aerial photograph (German) of smoke from a poison gas attack during the Battle of Hulluch, France, First World War. It was chlorine gas, released by the Germans. Date: 27 April 1916

Chlorine molecule C017 / 3601
Chlorine molecule. Computer artwork showing the structure of a molecule of chlorine (Cl2). Atoms are colour coded: chlorine (green), with the bonds between them as bars (grey)

Ghostly green cloud gas rolling towards the trench 1915
Heavy green gas clouds traveling slowly from the German lines rolled into the trenches. Soldiers choking from the fumes covering their faces with their hands and scarves. Date: 1915

Illustration of electron transfer from sodium atom to chlorine atom, transformation from sodium ion

Test tube of chlorine condensed into liquid by dipping into jug of dry ice

Chlorine in test tube

Sodium chloride structure C016 / 8873
Sodium chloride structure, molecular model. Sodium chloride (common salt) consists of a cubic lattice of sodium (small spheres) and chlorine (green) ions and has the chemical formula NaCl

Formation of sodium chloride, artwork. At left are sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) atoms. At right is a molecule of sodium chloride (NaCl), or salt. This is an example of ionic bonding

Sample of chlorine made by Davy C016 / 3668
Chlorine. Sample of chlorine gas made by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1810. Chlorine was discovered by Scheele in 1774. However, Davy was the first to show that it was an element rather than a compound

Austro-Hungarian trench with gas bottles, WW1
Scene in an Austro-Hungarian trench during the First World War, with twenty steel chlorine gas bottles ready for use. Date: 1914-1918

Sodium hydroxide production. Schematic diagram of the diaphragm cell method for the chlor-alkali electrolytic process to produce sodium hydroxide

Clovis rock, Mars
Clovis rock outcrop, Mars. Found in the Gusev Crater by NASAs Mars Exploration Rover Spirit, this rock is softer than the surrounding volcanic rocks

CFC molecule. Model of a molecule of dichlorodifluoromethane, also known as Freon-12. Atoms are represented as spheres and are colour-coded: carbon (black)

Sodium chloride lattice. Atoms are represented as spheres and are colour-coded: sodium (silver) and chlorine (green)

Chlorine. Vial containing a sample of chlorine (Cl) gas. Chlorine has many applications including as a constituent of bleach and in water as a disinfectant. It is toxic

Iron distribution map, Barringer Crater
Iron distribution map for Barringer Crater, Arizona, USA, also known as Meteor Crater. A six-mile (9.65-kilometre) radius circle, centred on the crater

Sir Humphry Davy portrait chemis
Sir Humphry Davy, British Chemist (17 December 1778 - 29 May 1829). Engraving by Scriven 1833 after painting by Lawrence c. 1821

Chloride chemistry

1, 3-dichlorobenzene molecule
1, 3-dichlorobenzene. Molecular model of 1, 3-dichlorobenzene, an isomer of dichlorobenzene with two chlorine atoms replacing two of the hydrogen atoms on a benzene ring

Phosgene molecule
Phosgene. Molecular model of the chemical warfare agent Phosgene (carbonic dichloride, chemical formula C.0.Cl2). Phosgene (also known as CG) was first used during World War I in 1915

Period 3 elements. From left (in their periodic table order) they are: sodium (Na); magnesium (Mg); aluminium (Al); silicon (Si); phosphorus (P)

Chlorine and oxygen. Gas jars filled with chlorine (Cl2, left) and oxygen (O2, right) gases. These gaseous chemical elements are made up of diatomic molecules

British troops charging at Loos
An illustration showing British troops charging over German trenches at the Battle of Loos. Between September 25th and October 13th, the British lost over 8000 out of 30, 000 men

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"Chlorine: From Deadly Weapon to Essential Element" In the annals of history, it has left an indelible mark as a weapon of destruction and a catalyst for scientific breakthroughs. One haunting chapter recalls the horrors of World War I, where British soldiers fell victim to its lethal power during the gassing at Ypres. The poison gas attack in Hulluch, France, captured through an eerie aerial photograph from that era, serves as a chilling reminder of mankind's capacity for devastation. Yet amidst this darkness emerged pioneers like Henry Deacon and Claude Louis Berthollet who harnessed chlorine's potential for good. Their contributions paved the way for advancements in various fields. James Hargreaves' black-and-white portrait reminds us of his role in revolutionizing textile production with his spinning jenny invention. An intriguing engraving depicts an experiment showcasing arsenic's affinity with chlorine, highlighting how these elements can combine to form compounds vital to medicine and industry alike. This revelation led to further exploration into generating chlorine itself – depicted vividly in another engraving – unlocking its potential applications beyond warfare. Ferdinand Hurter's somber photograph stands as a testament to those who risked their lives while studying this volatile substance. Meanwhile, James Hyatt inhaling chlorine gas captures a moment frozen in time when experimentation knew no bounds. As we delve deeper into history, we witness the evolution of our understanding and utilization of chlorine. A wood engraving published in 1880 showcases the preparation water - revealing its significance as a disinfectant and purifying agent long before it became commonplace. Finally, Lucien Jonas' poignant artwork transports us back to the Second Battle of Ypres in Belgium during 1915 - depicting yet another horrifying chlorinated assault on humanity but also reminding us how far we have come since then.